Jumat, 11 Januari 2019
Kamis, 16 November 2017
submitted to collect my mid test
NAME : RISKA YULIANA
CLASS/NIM : VB/1588203064
SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS
1. What
is Sociolinguistics?
Answer:
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relation
between language and society and a branch of both linguistics and sociology. They are interested in
explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are
concerned with identifyng the social functions of language and the ways it is
used to convey social meaning. Here, socio means society and
linguist means study of language. So, sociolinguist is the study of
language that is related to society condition. it can be concluded that
sociolinguistics is the science field which has interdisipliner characteristic
with sosiology. Besides sociolinguistic term, there is other term ‘language
sociology’. Some people assume that the two terms are same, but the other
assume that they are different. One said that the term sociolinguistic is used
because the research is influenced by linguistic field, while the term language
sociology is used when the research is influenced by sociology
2. Why
do we learn Sociolinguistics?
Answer:
Sociolinguistics can help us
understand why we speak differently in various social contexts, and help
uncover the social relationships in a community.
For example, you probably wouldn't speak the same to your boss at work as you would your friends, or speak to strangers as you would to your family. Sociolinguistic competence enables speakers to distinguish among possibilities such as the following. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in its social context. This means that we use language to socially define and express who we are, where we come from, and who we associate with. It is amazing to see how often we judge someone’s character by making assumptions about their background and their character based simply upon how a person speaks. As a study which engaged the interaction between language and society, sociolinguistics has a huge effect in foreign language teaching to reach a better understanding of the language nature as well as its materilization along with the conception of the nature of society.
For example, you probably wouldn't speak the same to your boss at work as you would your friends, or speak to strangers as you would to your family. Sociolinguistic competence enables speakers to distinguish among possibilities such as the following. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in its social context. This means that we use language to socially define and express who we are, where we come from, and who we associate with. It is amazing to see how often we judge someone’s character by making assumptions about their background and their character based simply upon how a person speaks. As a study which engaged the interaction between language and society, sociolinguistics has a huge effect in foreign language teaching to reach a better understanding of the language nature as well as its materilization along with the conception of the nature of society.
3. What
is the relation between language and society?
Answer:
The relationship between language and
society is so closely related. The relationship of
the two is entrenched. Language performs various functions in the society and
the society does the same way. If one will not exist, the other one will be
affected. Language is the primary tool for communication purposes, for
establishing peace and order in our society, for showing authority and power,
and for attaining goals and objectives. But, it can also destruct the society
if it will use inappropriately. It must follow the conformity governing the
society to avoid conflict s and to meet the boundary of individual differences.
Society however controls our language by giving us preferences as what are
acceptable and not, because each one of us has our own perception or point of
view. A group of people may accept our language, but for others, it could be
kind of offence or insult. We must know how, when and where to say it and for
what purpose.
4. Pleaase
mention and explain the branches of linguistics!
Answer:
The branches of linguistics are:
a.
General linguistic
Describes
the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It
also provides analyzed theory of the language. Descriptive linguistic describes
or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language
explained generally.
b.
Micro linguistic
Is
narrow view. It is concerned internal view of language itself without related
how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
§ Phonetics : the study of the physical properties of
sounds of human language
§ Phonology : the study of sounds as discrete, abstract
elements in the speaker’s mind that distinguish meaning
§ Morphology:
the study of internal structures of words and how the can be modified
§ Syntax:
the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
§ Semantics:
the study of the meaning or words and fixed word combinations, and how these
combine to form the meanings of sentences
§ Pragmatics : the study of how utterances are used in
communicative acts
§ Discourse
Analysis: the analysis of language use in texts
§ Applied
linguistic: is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application
of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching
c. Macro
linguistic
Is broadest view of
language. It is concerned external vie of language itself with related to other
sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
§ Stylistics:
the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context
§ Developmental
linguistics : the study of the development
of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of
language in childhood
§ Historical
lingustics: the study of language change
§ Language
geography: the study of the spatial patterns of languages
§ Evolutionary
linguistics: the study of the origin and subsequent development of language
§ Psycholinguistics:
the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language
use
§ Sociolinguistics:
the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability
§ Clinical
linguistics: the application of linguitstic theory to the area of
Speech-Language Pathology
§ Neurolinguistics:
the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication
§ Biolinguistics:
the study of naturl as well as human-taught communication systems in animals
compared to human language
§ Computational
linguistics : the study of coputational
implementations of linguistic structures
5. What
is standard language? Giving an example!
Answer:
A standard language is a variety of
language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for
international communication. There are different standard varieties of English
in the world, such as North American English, Australian English and Indian
English.
Standard language is an official
form of language. This kind of form of languages are always artificially
modified at least to some degree. It is the way to use language in official and
formal situation as in newspapers and public speeches. The core idea of
standard language is to codify a public, particularly written language so that
it is accesible to every speaker of the language to be used in education, media
and science.
6. Elaborating
the language, dialect and accent, please!
Answer:
a)
Accent :
is all about pronounciation. Two people may use the same grammar, the same
syntax and the same vocabulary but pronounce the words in a different way.
For example,
people in the north of England tend to say the
word path as:
pæːθ
with a short
vowel whilst people in the south of England
tend to say:
pɑːθ
with a long
vowel. There are two different accents at work here.
b)
Dialects: on the other hand, have
differences not only in pronounciation but also in grammar and syntax.
Two people
may both speak English but one might say:
He did
well!
Whilst the
other could say:
He done
well!
Here this
isn’t just a difference in pronunciation but also grammar; these are two different
dialects.
c)
Language: there is a saying that a
language is a dialect with an army. Linguistics often talk about language in
terms of political influence and power. By this they mean that a dialect with
political power becomes a language. for example, Chinese and Spanish.
They are two very different languages and most people would regard them as
completely separate.
7. Giving
an example of formal language and informal language!
Answer:
a)
Formal language: The girl whom I met in Malaysia was interested in working in Australia.
b)
Informal language: The girl I met in Malaysia was interested in
working in Australia.
8. What
aspects of language are sociolinguistics interested in?
Answer:
Sociolinguists are interested in
explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts. They are
concerned with the way people signal aspects of their social identity through
language. Sociolinguists study the effect of social factors -- such as social
distance, social status, age, gender and class -- on language varieties
(dialects, registers, genres, etc). Sociolinguists are also concerned with
identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey
social meaning.
9. When
two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what
should they do?
a.
Pidgin
b.
Creole
c.
Lingua franca
Answer:
The function of pidgin English is
thus as a lingua franca, i.e. a common means of communication
between speakers who do not understand their respective native languages.
A pidgin language is a mixed
language that enables limited communication between two groups that don’t share
a common language. The process of pidginisation is very common in any situation
in which a lingua franca is called for. Normally any such variety dies out very
quickly once the situation which gave rise to it no longer obtains. If the
situation does continue to exist then the pidgin is likely to survive. The
steps from restricted to extended pidgin and further to creole are only taken
by very few languages, particularly the major restructuring typical of pidgins
is not normally carried out by any but a very small number of input varieties.
The function of pidgin
English is thus as a lingua franca, i.e. a common means of
communication between speakers who do not understand their respective native
languages.
10.
Why
do people switch and mix a language?
Answer:
Because,
Code switching can be used in a variety of degrees, whether it is used at home
with family and friends, or used with superiors at the workplace. as an
acceptable form of communication in society, and may feel comfortable switching
languages in everyday normal conversation.
Code-mixing and code-switching.
Terms in sociolinguistics for language and especially
speech that draws to differing extents on at least two languages combined in
different ways, as when a Malay/English bilingual says: This morning I
hantar my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah (hantar took, tu dekat
to the, lah a particle marking solidarity). A code may be a
language or a variety or style of a language
11.
Giving an example of code switching and
code mixing!
Answer:
For example, suppose i know Hindi and English:
Code switching:
Code switching:
"Ram is a good boy aur bahut
achchhi painting bhi karta hai."
Here the 1st part of the sentence is in English and
second part is in Hindi, that is we have switched from English to Hindi.
Code mixing:
"Ram is eating aam and playing
with sita"
Here what happened, I am borrowing a word 'aam' (meaning
Mango in English) from Hindi and adapting it in the English. Grammar of Hindi
didn't get involve. Only lexical item of Hindi is embedded in English.
Rabu, 01 November 2017
Summary of Speech Community
According to Romaine (1994:22) “A speech community is a group of people who do not necessarily share the same language, but share a set of norms and rules for the use of language. The boundaries between speech communities are essentially social rather than linguistic. A speech community is not necessarily co-extensive with a language community.
However, we have two types of speech community - the primary and secondary speech communities.
However, we have two types of speech community - the primary and secondary speech communities.
Primary speech community is composed of people who have always live in the same neighbourhood and who usually speak the same language. Rural communities fall under this category, e.g. Tonkere and Abagbooro in Ife.
Secondary speech community composed of people that come together from different regions for a number of reasons. It could be for social economic, political, religious, educational reasons. These groups of people adopt one language for social and linguistic interaction because they are heterogeneous in nature.
INTERSECTING COMMUNITIES
Intersecting communities indicating the Speaker of places do use expressions indicates that they some idea of how a “typical” person from each place speaks – to be a member of a particular speech community somewhat loosely defined. E.g.: New York speech, London Speech, South African Speech.
Dialects and languages are beginning to influence each other, for example London is a community in some sences but not in others. Neither a single speech community even though it has 300 languages or more, its too big and fragmented. It is to difficult to relate of speech community directly to language or languages spoken.
Each member of a community has a repertoire of social identities that are each one in a given context is associated with a number of nonverbal and verbal forms of expression. There is not a clear way on how to define how individuals can classify themselves and speaker are creating and recreating social identities. So, it is impossible to predict the group or community he or she will consider itself to belong in a particular moment. This group will change according to situation.
Rabu, 25 Oktober 2017
Summary of Code Mixing and Code Switching
Code mixing is combined two languages, or changes word, phrase or utterance to another language.
Code switching is change sentences to another language (keseluruhan)
Obvious change because the situations.
Code switching is change sentences to another language (keseluruhan)
Obvious change because the situations.
For example, suppose i know Hindi and English:
Code switching:
Code switching:
"Ram is a good boy aur bahut achchhi painting bhi karta hai."
Here the 1st part of the sentence is in English and second part is in Hindi, that is we have switched from English to Hindi.
Code mixing:
"Ram is eating aam and playing with sita"
Here what happened, I am borrowing a word 'aam' (meaning Mango in English) from Hindi and adapting it in the English. Grammar of Hindi didn't get involve. Only lexical item of Hindi is embedded in English.
Code switching is a universal language-contact phenomenon that reflects the grammars of both languages working simultaneously.
Code mixing is also a language contact phenomenon that doesn't reflect the grammars of both languages working simultaneously. Here, we borrow words from one language and adapt it in other language.
Code mixing is also a language contact phenomenon that doesn't reflect the grammars of both languages working simultaneously. Here, we borrow words from one language and adapt it in other language.
Code switching and code mixing is possible in bilingual or multilingual environment, not in monolingual environment.
As because it is not possible to either switch or mix in the same language. At least two languages are needed for the above process to happen.
For instance, the bilingual children go through the mixing at their early stages of learning. While adults after becoming competent in at least 2 languages, they show their performance of their learning by switching from one language to another.
As because it is not possible to either switch or mix in the same language. At least two languages are needed for the above process to happen.
For instance, the bilingual children go through the mixing at their early stages of learning. While adults after becoming competent in at least 2 languages, they show their performance of their learning by switching from one language to another.
Selasa, 10 Oktober 2017
Summary dialect and varieties
A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished bypronunciation, grammar, and/orvocabulary. Adjective: dialectal.
The term dialect is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language. Nonetheless, as David Crystal explains below, "Everyone speaks a dialect."
The scientific study of dialects is known as dialectology, commonly regarded as a subfield of sociolinguistics.
What's the Difference Between a Language and a Dialect?
"The very fact that 'language' and 'dialect' persist as separate concepts implies that linguists can make tidy distinctions for speech varieties worldwide. But in fact, there is no objective difference between the two: Any attempt you make to impose that kind of order on reality falls apart in the face of real evidence. . . .
"English tempts one with a tidy dialect-language distinction based on 'intelligibility': If you can understand it without training, it’s a dialect of your own language; if you can’t, it’s a different language. But because of quirks of its history, English happens to lack very close relatives, and the intelligibility standard doesn’t apply consistently beyond it. . . .
What's the Difference Between a Dialect and an Accent?
"Accents have to be distinguished from dialects. An accent is a person's distinctive pronunciation. A dialect is a much broader notion: it refers to the distinctive vocabulary and grammar of someone's use of language. If you say eether and I sayiyther, that's accent. We use the same word but pronounce it differently. But if you say I've got a new dustbin and I say I've gotten a new garbage can, that's dialect. We're using different word and sentence patterns to talk about the same thing."
The term dialect is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language. Nonetheless, as David Crystal explains below, "Everyone speaks a dialect."
The scientific study of dialects is known as dialectology, commonly regarded as a subfield of sociolinguistics.
What's the Difference Between a Language and a Dialect?
"The very fact that 'language' and 'dialect' persist as separate concepts implies that linguists can make tidy distinctions for speech varieties worldwide. But in fact, there is no objective difference between the two: Any attempt you make to impose that kind of order on reality falls apart in the face of real evidence. . . .
"English tempts one with a tidy dialect-language distinction based on 'intelligibility': If you can understand it without training, it’s a dialect of your own language; if you can’t, it’s a different language. But because of quirks of its history, English happens to lack very close relatives, and the intelligibility standard doesn’t apply consistently beyond it. . . .
What's the Difference Between a Dialect and an Accent?
"Accents have to be distinguished from dialects. An accent is a person's distinctive pronunciation. A dialect is a much broader notion: it refers to the distinctive vocabulary and grammar of someone's use of language. If you say eether and I sayiyther, that's accent. We use the same word but pronounce it differently. But if you say I've got a new dustbin and I say I've gotten a new garbage can, that's dialect. We're using different word and sentence patterns to talk about the same thing."
Summary pidgin and creole languages
A pidgin is a restricted language which arises for the purposes of communication between two social groups of which one is in a more dominant position than the other. The less dominant group is the one which develops the pidgin.
Historically, pidgins arose in colonial situations where the representatives of the particular colonial power, officials, tradesmen, sailors, etc., came in contact with natives. The latter developed a jargon when communicating with the former. This resulted in a language on the basis of the colonial language in question and the language or languages of the natives. Such a language was restricted in its range as it served a definite purpose, namely basic communication with the colonists. In the course of several generations such a reduced form of language can become more complex, especially if it develops into the mother tongue of a group of speakers. This latter stage is that of creolisation. Creoles are much expanded versions of pidgins and have arisen in situations in which there was a break in the natural linguistic continuity of a community, for instance on slave planatations in their early years.
A pidgin language is a mixed language that enables limited communication between two groups that don’t share a common language. So that is the advantage.
The disadvantages are that the languages are limited, e.g. to trade, and that they have to be created over time.
Some languages that are referred to as pidgins are in fact creoles, which are full languages derived from pidgins. They are comparable to any other natural language in terms of pros and cons
Register is a style or variety of language determined by such factors as social occasion,context, purpose, and audience, also called stylistic variation. Practically, the term refers to the degrees of formality with which populations use language; these formal variations are sometimes called codes.
Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace; in "The Study of Language," linguist George Yule describes the function of jargon as helping " to create and maintain connections among those who see themselves as 'insiders' in some way and to exclude 'outsiders.'"
Historically, pidgins arose in colonial situations where the representatives of the particular colonial power, officials, tradesmen, sailors, etc., came in contact with natives. The latter developed a jargon when communicating with the former. This resulted in a language on the basis of the colonial language in question and the language or languages of the natives. Such a language was restricted in its range as it served a definite purpose, namely basic communication with the colonists. In the course of several generations such a reduced form of language can become more complex, especially if it develops into the mother tongue of a group of speakers. This latter stage is that of creolisation. Creoles are much expanded versions of pidgins and have arisen in situations in which there was a break in the natural linguistic continuity of a community, for instance on slave planatations in their early years.
A pidgin language is a mixed language that enables limited communication between two groups that don’t share a common language. So that is the advantage.
The disadvantages are that the languages are limited, e.g. to trade, and that they have to be created over time.
Some languages that are referred to as pidgins are in fact creoles, which are full languages derived from pidgins. They are comparable to any other natural language in terms of pros and cons
Register is a style or variety of language determined by such factors as social occasion,context, purpose, and audience, also called stylistic variation. Practically, the term refers to the degrees of formality with which populations use language; these formal variations are sometimes called codes.
Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace; in "The Study of Language," linguist George Yule describes the function of jargon as helping " to create and maintain connections among those who see themselves as 'insiders' in some way and to exclude 'outsiders.'"
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