My Book

My Book

 

First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for me.
Thanks to God for helping me and give me chance to finish this assighment timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mr. Budianto Hamuddin as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge about how to Introduction of Linguistic.

This important primer in linguistics is a halimark attempt by a linguist who has the adventage of experiencing multilingualism in a plural society. Having the best of both eastearn and western education and training, She has written this introductory “hord d’oeuvre” to whet the appetites of malaysian students of linguistics . The many examples from local languages serve to contextualise the basic phonetic s and linguistic elements in a way that students will be able to relate to. The clear and cohesive presentation of the essential elements of phoneticsin addition to being a thorough and attrative introductory book for malaysians, this primer will also be useful for non – malaysians seeking local examples from the malaysians languages.

Prof. Richard hudson

University college

University Of London

London

Phonetic

Phonetics is the study of the minimal units that make up language. 

For spoken language, these are the sounds of speech-the consonants, vowels, melodies, and rhythms. 

There are three types of the study of the sounds of language.  

1. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of sounds. 

2. Auditory Phonetics is the study of the way listeners perceive sounds. 

3. Articulatory Phonetics  is the study of how the vocal tracts produce the sounds. 

This article will only describe articulatory phonetics.

Some speakers of English pronounce the words which and witch differently, but if you pronounce both words identically, just use w for both words. The sounds /ʌ/ and /ə/ are pronounced the same, but the former is used in stressed syllables, while the latter is used in unstressed syllables.

The production of any speech sound involves the movement of air. Air is pushed through the lungs, larynx (vocal folds) and vocal tract (the oral and nasal cavities.) Sounds produced by using air from the lungs are called pulmonic sounds. If the air is pushed out, it is called egressive. If the air is sucked in, it is called ingressive

Consonants
Consonants are produced as air from the lungs is pushed through the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords) and out the mouth. They are classified according to voicing, aspiration, nasal/oral sounds, places of articulation and manners of articulation.

Places of Articulation
Bilabial: lips together
Labiodental: lower lip against front teeth
Interdental: tongue between teeth
Alveolar: tongue near alveolar ridge on roof of mouth (in between teeth
and hard palate)
and etc

Manners of Articulation
Stop: obstruct airstream completely
Fricative: partial obstruction with friction
Affricate: stop airstream, then release
Liquids: partial obstruction, no friction
Glides: little or no obstruction, must occur with a vowel

You should practice saying the sounds of the English alphabet to see if you can identify the places of articulation in the mouth. The sounds are described by voicing, place and then manner of articulation, so the sound /j/ would be called a voiced palatal glide and the sound /s/ would be called a voiceless alveolar fricative.

Classifying the Vowels Sounds of English

The classifcation of vowels is based on four major aspects:

1.   Tongue height - according to the vertical position of the tongue (high vowels, also    referred to as close; low vowels, also referred to as open; intermediate - close-mid and open-mid)

2.   Frontness vs. backness of the tongue - according to the horizontal position of the highest part of the tongue.

3.  Lip rounding - whether the lips are rounded (O-shape) or spread (no rounding) when the sound is being made.

4.   Tenseness of the articulators - refers to the amount of muscular tension around the mouth when creating vowel sounds. Tense and lax are used to describe muscular tension.

What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is ...

Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it functions. Various building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to make up a language. Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this happens, they change their form and do interesting things. Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer will understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this. There are various branches of linguistics which are given their own name, some of which are described below. Linguists are people who study linguistics.

Structures
Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a Saussurean sign. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in sign languages), and written symbols (in written languages).

Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.

Linguistics has many sub-fields concerned with particular aspects of linguistic structure. The theory that elucidates on these, as propounded by Noam Chomsky, is known as generative theory or universal grammar. These sub-fields range from those focused primarily on form to those focused primarily on meaning. They also run the gamut of level of analysis of language, from individual sounds, to words, to phrases, up to cultural discourse.
Sub-fields that focus on a structure-focused study of language:

Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception
Phonology, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning (phonemes)

Morphology, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified

Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and sentences

Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts, and the role played by context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning

Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context

Semiotics, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.

Introduce my self

Riska Yuliana

Hello, everybody. Allow me to introduce myself. My complete name is Riska Yuliana, you can call me Riska. I was born in Pekanbaru. I live at teluk leok street, rumbai , Pekanbaru.

my hobies are badminton , watch movie and comedy because all that make me happy and laugh . I graduated from  vocational high school 5 Pekanbaru , and now I am studing in Lancang Kuning university.

I have pleasant personality. I am very friendly,sometimes I am shy if I meet new people. I also fairly outgoing but not dominating, Iam confident. I also inteligent so I have a lot friends. sometimes I become annoying person and selfish. I like study hard and I smile a lot.

My future  plans are very definite, first I am going to improve english and then finish my study in Lancang Kuning university for three years. after that want  work. and the founded his own school

I think that's enough introduction my self, and success always for all